International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI 2010
International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI 2010 by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
notably in free movement migration and family migration.
while the number of asylum seekers continues to rise.
The increasing flows of international students lead to some permanent stay.
China accounts for 10% of the flows, Poland, India and Mexico less than half this.
The top 20 countries of origin in terms of inflows accounted for over half of all inflows in 2008, with China, Poland, India and Mexico at the top of the list. Compared to the flows seen in the late 1990s, the largest increases were from Colombia, China, Romania and Morocco. Since the year 2000, however, flows have been falling from the Philippines and the Russian Federation. Outflows of Poles to other European countries remained high in 2008.
Much of the population growth and a substantial part of those entering the working-age population in many OECD countries in recent years was due to international migration.
If migration rates hold largely at their current levels, the working-age population in OECD countries will rise by 1.9% between 2010 and 2020, compared to the 8.6% growth seen between 2000 and 2010. Between 2003 and 2007, 59% of population growth was accounted for by migration. Immigrants represent up to a third of new entries to the working-age population, even though the arrival of kids and older immigrants reduces this contribution. Only in France, the United States and New Zealand was natural increase the main driver of population growth. For a number of countries in southern Europe, Austria and the Czech Republic about 90% of population growth was due to migration.
Overall, 51% of employment growth has come from increases in the employment rate of residents and 39% from international migration, with wide variations among OECD countries. Many of the countries which saw employment growth principally through greater mobilisation of the resident labour force were those with relatively high employment rates above 75% such as Denmark, Switzerland and Sweden. On the contrary, with the exception of the United Kingdom, those countries where employment growth came largely from external sources had employment rates below the OECD average.
This years report provides a review of structural and institutional developments in migration policies…
The focus on high-skilled migrants, including the use of points-based systems (as in Denmark, the United Kingdom and Netherlands) continued, as did the shift in supply-driven systems towards favouring applicants with job offers in permanent programmes (Australia and Canada). While one country (Sweden) opened to migration by migrants of all skill levels, elsewhere the only opening to less-skilled migration was in modifications to some seasonal work programmes to favour recourse to this form of temporary migration (Australia and Poland).
including integration and naturalisation policies.
Some changes can be specifically related to the financial crisis.
In 2008-2009, a number of new migration policy initiatives were aimed at dealing with the challenges posed by the economic downturn. Labour migration channels were analyzed closely, and criteria for admission refined, in a number of OECD countries. Provisions for unemployed migrants unable to renew temporary permits were adopted (Spain and Ireland), and assistance provided for their return (Spain, Japan and Czech Republic). Some quotas were cut (Italy, Korea, Spain and Australia).
The report looks at the disproportionate impact of the economic crisis on employment of immigrants in the OECD.
Young migrants are particularly affected
In most OECD countries, foreign-born youth have seen steeper drops in employment than native-born youth. While the overall decrease in employment for youth (15-24) was 7% between in the year following the second quarter of 2008, the decline was as much as twice this level for immigrant youth. Further, unemployment was already high among immigrant youth, and in 2009 stood at 15% in the United States, 20% in Canada and 24% in the EU-15. Because the rapid integration of youth and recently arrived immigrants into the labour market has been identified as one of the key determinants for their long-term integration, low employment rates are worrying. A recession carries the risk of scarring effects, as immigrants who have not managed to get employed quickly after arrival may be stigmatised in the labour market. Language, training, mentoring and apprenticeships appear particularly important policy responses to reinforce during a downturn.
although immigrant women have been faring better than men.
The factors that make immigrants vulnerable to job loss also make it more difficult for active labour market policies to reach them.
Two special chapters deal with topical issues
the first addresses the issue of public opinion and migration
and the second analyses the impact of naturalisation on labour market integration
The opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ILW.COM.
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